Why Do Catholics Confess to a Priest?

The practice of confessing sins to God as represented by a priest

The first two chapters of Baruch tell us how the Jewish exiles in ancient Babylon repented of the sins that had led to their humiliation by their enemies. These penitents confessed their sins to God and to the priests back in Jerusalem, asking the priests to intercede for them: "Pray for us also to the LORD, our God, for we have sinned against the LORD" (1:13). 

Thus, the practice of confessing sins to God as represented by a priest, and having the priest respond with a prayer for divine mercy, has ancient precedents among God's people (see also Lv 19:20-22). In Catholic practice, however, the priest not only prays for the penitent but also imposes a penance (satisfaction) and speaks on God's behalf the words of forgiveness (absolution). 

This sacrament of Reconciliation, as it is called, is firmly grounded both in Scripture and in early, constant Christian Tradition. The priestly authority to represent God as an ambassador of his mercy was granted by Jesus to St. Peter and the other apostles - and by extension, to the priests and their successors ordained: "Whatever you bind [that is, by imposing penance] on earth shall be bound in heaven; and whatever you loose [that is, forgive in God's name] on earth shall be loosed in heaven" (Mt 16:19; 18:18). "Whose sins you forgive are forgiven them, and whose sins you retain are retained" (Jn 20:23). 

In the early Church, confession of grave sin was often made to the whole Christian assembly as well as the priests. Certain instructions in the Letter of James are suggestive of this early practice. When sick, believers were to call the presbyters (Priests). The priests were then to anoint them with oil and pray for them. In confessing their sins, the sick could be healed and forgiven (see Jas 5:13-16). 

Catholics are obligated to repent of all mortal, or grave, sins (contrition) and to confess them to a priest in order to be absolved. The penitent performs the assigned penance to repair the harm caused by sin and to reestablish habits that lead to holiness. The absolution imparted by the priest is not a mere expression of hope, but a sacramental, objective reality.